consul 音标拼音: [k'ɑnsəl]
n . 领事,执政官
领事,执政官
consul n 1 :
a diplomat appointed by a government to protect its commercial interests and help its citizens in a foreign country Consul \
Con "
sul \ (
k [
o ^]
n "
s [
u ^]
l ),
n . [
L .,
prob .
fr .
consulere to deliberate .
See {
Consult }.]
1 . (
Rom .
Antiq .)
One of the two chief magistrates of the republic .
[
1913 Webster ]
Note :
They were chosen annually ,
originally from the patricians only ,
but later from the plebeians also .
[
1913 Webster ]
2 .
A senator ;
a counselor . [
Obs .]
[
1913 Webster ]
Many of the consuls ,
raised and met ,
Are at the duke '
s already . --
Shak .
[
1913 Webster ]
With kings and consuls of the earth . --
Job .
iii .
14 (
Douay Ver . )
[
1913 Webster ]
3 . (
Fr .
Hist .)
One of the three chief magistrates of France from 1799 to 1804 ,
who were called ,
respectively ,
first ,
second ,
and third consul .
[
1913 Webster ]
4 .
An official commissioned to reside in some foreign country ,
to care for the commercial interests of the citizens of the appointing government ,
and to protect its seamen .
[
1913 Webster ]
{
Consul general },
a consul of the first rank ,
stationed in an important place ,
or having jurisdiction in several places or over several consuls .
{
Vice consul },
a consular officer holding the place of a consul during the consul '
s absence or after he has been relieved .
[
1913 Webster ]
30 Moby Thesaurus words for "
consul ":
ambassador ,
ambassadress ,
apostolic delegate ,
attache ,
career diplomat ,
chancellor ,
charge ,
commercial attache ,
consul general ,
consular agent ,
diplomat ,
diplomatic ,
diplomatic agent ,
diplomatist ,
emissary ,
envoy ,
envoy extraordinary ,
foreign service officer ,
internuncio ,
legate ,
military attache ,
minister ,
minister plenipotentiary ,
minister resident ,
nuncio ,
plenipotentiary ,
resident ,
secretary of legation ,
vice -
consul ,
vice -
legate A {constraint }-based [{future }-based ?] language
with {Lisp }-like {syntax }.
["Consul : A Parallel Constraint Language ", D . Baldwin , IEEE
Software 6 (4 ):62 -71 ].
(1994 -11 -30 )CONSUL ,
government ,
commerce .
Consuls are commercial agent '
s appointed by a government to reside in the seaports of a foreign country ,
and commissioned to watch over the commercial rights and privileges of the nation deputing them .
A vice -
consul is one acting in the place of a consul .
2 .
Consuls have been greatly multiplied .
Their duties and privileges are now generally limited ,
defined and secured by commercial treaties ,
or by the laws of the countries they represent .
As a general rule ,
it may be laid down that they represent the subjects or citizens of their own nation ,
not otherwise represented .
Bee ,
R .
209 3 Wheat .
R .
435 ;
6 .
Wheat .
R .,
152 ;
10 Wheat .
66 ;
1 Mason '
s R .
14 .
3 .
This subject will be considered by a view ,
first ,
of the appointment ,
duties ,
powers ,
rights ,
and liabilities of American consuls ;
and secondly ,
of the recognition ,
duties ,
rights ,
and liabilities of foreign consuls .
4 .-
1 .
Of American consuls .
First .
The president authorized by the Constitution of the United States ,
art .
2 ,
s .
2 ,
el .
3 ,
to nominate ,
and ,
by and with the advice and consent of the senate ,
appoint consuls .
5 .-
Secondly .
Each consul and vice -
consul is required ,
before he enters on the execution of his office ,
to give bond ,
with such sureties as shall be approved by the secretary of state ,
in a sum not less than two thousand nor more than ten thousand dollars ,
conditioned for the true and faithful discharge of the duties of his office ,
and also for truly accounting for all moneys ,
goods and effects which may come into his possession by virtue of the act of 14th April ,
1792 ,
which bond is to be lodged in the office of the secretary of State .
Act of April 14 ,
1792 ,
sect .
6 .
6 .-
Thirdly .
They have the power and are required to perform many duties in relation to the commerce of the United States and towards masters of ships ,
mariners ,
and other citizens of the United States ;
among these are the authority to receive protests or declarations which captains ,
masters ,
crews ,
passengers ,
merchants ,
and others make relating to American commerce ;
they are required to administer on the estate of American citizens ,
dying within their consulate ,
and leaving no legal representatives ,
when the laws of the country permit it ; [
see 2 Curt .
Ecc .
R .
241 ]
to take charge and secure the effects of stranded American vessels in the absence of the master ,
owner or consignee ;
to settle disputes between masters of vessels and the mariners ;
to provide for destitute seamen within their consulate ,
and send them to the United States ,
at the public expense .
See Act of 14th April ,
1792 ;
Act of 28th February ,
1803 ,
ch .
62 ;
Act of 20th July ,
1840 ,
Ch .
23 .
The consuls are also authorized to make certificates of certain facts in certain cases ,
which receive faith and credit in the courts of the United States .
But those consular certificates are not to be received in evidence ,
unless they are given in the performance of a consular function ;
2 Cranch ,
R .
187 ;
Paine ,
R .
594 ;
2 Wash .
C .
C .
R .
478 ;
1 Litt .
R .
71 ;
nor are they evidence ,
between persons not parties or privies to the transaction ,
of any fact ,
unless ,
either expressly or impliedly ,
made so by statute .
2 Sumn .
R .
355 .
7 .-
Fourthly .
Their rights are to be protected agreeably to the laws of nations ,
and of the treaties made between the nation to which they are sent ,
and the United States .
They are entitled ,
by the act of 14th April ,
1792 ,
s .
4 ,
to receive certain fees ,
which are there enumerated .
And the consuls in certain places ,
as London ,
Paris ,
and the Barbary states ,
receive ,
besides ,
a salary .
8 .-
Fifthly .
A consul is liable for negligence or omission to perform ,
seasonably ,
the duties imposed upon him ,
or for any malversation or abuse of power ,
to any injured person ,
for all damages occasioned thereby ;
and for all malversation and corrupt conduct in office ,
a consul is liable to indictment ,
and ,
on conviction by any court of competent jurisdiction ,
shall be fined not less than one ,
nor more than ten thousand dollars ;
and be imprisoned not less than one nor more than five years .
Act of July 20 ,
1840 ,
ch .
23 ,
cl .
18 .
The act of February 28 ,
1803 ,
ss .
7 and 8 ,
imposes heavy penalties for falsely and knowingly certifying that property belonging to foreigners is the property of citizens of the United States ;
or for granting a passport ,
or other paper ,
certifying that any alien ,
knowing him or her to be such ,
is a citizen of the United States .
9 .
The duties of consuls residing on the Barbary coast are prescribed by a particular statute .
Act of May 1 ,
1810 ,
S .
4 .
10 .-
2 .
Of foreign consuls .
First .
Before a consul can perform any duties in the United States ,
he must be recognized by the president of the United States ,
and have received his exequatur . (
q .
v .)
11 .-
Secondly .
A consul is clothed only with authority for commercial purposes ,
and he has a right to interpose claims for the restitution of property belonging to the citizens or subjects of the country he represents ;
10 Wheat .
R .
66 ;
1 Mason R .
14 ;
See ,
R .
209 ;
6 Wheat .
R .
152 ;
but he is not to be considered as a minister or diplomatic Agent ,
entrusted by virtue of his office to represent his sovereign in negotiations with foreign states .
3 Wheat ,
R .
435 .
12 .-
Thirdly .
Consuls are generally invested with special privileges by local laws and usages ,
or by international compact ;
but by the laws of nations they are not entitled to the peculiar immunities of ambassadors .
In civil and criminal cases ,
they are subject to the local laws in the same manner with other foreign residents owing a temporary allegiance to the state .
Wicquefort ,
De l '
Ambassadeur ,
liv .
1 ,
Sec .
5 ;
Bynk .
cap .
10 Martens ,
Droit des Gens ,
liv .
4 ,
c .
3 ,
Sec .
148 .
In the United States ,
the act of September 24th ,
1789 ,
s .
13 gives to the supreme court original ,
but not exclusive jurisdiction of all suits in which a consul or vice -
consul shall be a party .
The act last cited ,
section 9 ,
gives to the district courts of the United States ,
jurisdiction exclusively of the courts of the several states ,
of all suits against consuls or vice -
consuls ,
except for offences where whipping exceeding thirty stripes ,
a fine exceeding one hundred dollars ,
or a term of imprisonment exceeding six months ,
is inflicted .
For offences punishable beyond these penalties ,
the circuit has jurisdiction in the case of consuls .
5 S . &
R .
545 .
See 1 Binn .
143 ;
2 Dall .
299 ;
2 N . &
M .
217 ;
3 Pick .
R .
80 ;
1 Green ,
R .
107 ;
17 Johns .
10 ;
6 Pet .
R .
41 ;
7 Pet .
R .
276 ;
6 Wend .
327 .
13 .-
Fourthly .
His functions may be suspended at any time by the government to which he is sent ,
and his exequatur revoked .
In general ,
a consul is not liable ,
personally ,
on a contract made in his official capacity on account of his government .
3 Dall .
384 .
14 .
During the middle ages ,
the term consul was sometimes applied to ordinary judges ;
and ,
in the Levant ,
maritime judges are yet called consuls .
1 Boul .
Paty ,
Dr .
Mar .
Tit .
Prel .
s .
2 ,
p .
57 .
15 .
Among the Romans ,
consuls were chief magistrates who were annually elected by the people ,
and were invested with powers and functions similar to those of kings .
See ,
generally ,
Abbott on Ship .
210 ;
2 Bro .
Civ .
Law ,
503 ;
Merl .
Repert .
h .
t .;
Ayl .
Pand .
160 ;
Warden on Consuls ;
Marten on Consuls ;
Borel ,
de l '
Origine ,
et des Fonctions des Consuls ;
Rawle on the Const .
222 ,
223 ;
Story on the Const .
Sec .
1654 Serg .
Const .
Law ,
225 ;
Azuni ,
Mar .
Law ,
part 1 ,
c .
4 ,
art .
8 ,
Sec .
7 .
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